“The statement that ‘sufficient agreement’ exists between two tool marks means that the agreement is of a quantity and quality that the likelihood another tool could have made the mark is so remote as to be considered a practical impossibility.”.“Agreement is significant when it exceeds the best agreement demonstrated between tool marks known to have been produced by different tools and is consistent with the agreement demonstrated by tool marks known to have been produced by the same tool.”.“Specifically, the relative height or depth, width, curvature and spatial relationship of the individual peaks, ridges and furrows within one set of surface contours are defined and compared to the corresponding features in the second set of surface contours.”.“The theory of identification as it pertains to the comparison of tool marks enables opinions of common origin to be made when the unique surface contours of two tool marks are in ‘sufficient agreement’.”.Defines sufficiency of agreement to establish common origin, i.e., identification criteria.NOT referenced by any recent criticisms * Theory of Identification, Range of Striae Comparison Reports and Modified Glossary Definitions – an AFTE Criteria for Identification Committee Report.IS a statement of the relevant scientific community.IS established as a theory based on principles of the scientific method.IS a standard defining identification criteria.Has resulted in standard statement settings guidelines for defining identification criteria.Repeated testing of hypotheses related to identification has been performed.Discipline firmly rooted in application of the Scientific Method.Does Not Address Needs of Representative Databases and Statistics.Claims of Infallibility and Absolute Identifications.Inadequate and Ineffective Administration of Tests to Examiners.Bunch, “Consecutive Matching Striation Criteria: A General Critique.” Journal of Forensic Science, Vol. Individual Marks on a Particular Tool Change Over Time.Subclass Characteristics May be Confused with Individual Characteristics.Individual Characteristics are Comprised of Non-Unique Marks.Current Computerized Technology Does Not Answer the Questions.Addresses Concerns Raised by Others in Comprehensive Format.“All We Want You to Confirm is What You Already Know” A Daubert Challenge to Firearms Identification – Criminal Law Bulletin.A Systemic Challenge to the Reliability and Admissibility of Firearms and Toolmark Identification – The Columbia Science and Technology Law Review, Volume VI, 2005.2004) – The Journal of Philosophy, Science & Law, Volume 4, December 2004. A Challenge to the Admissibility of Firearms and Toolmark Identifications: Amicus Brief Prepared on Behalf of the Defendant in United States v.The Coming Paradigm Shift in Forensic Identification Science – Science, August 5, 2005, 892-895 with Koehler.Implications of the Daubert Test for Forensic Identification Science – Shepard’s Expert and Scientific Evidence, 1(3), Winter 1994, 427-432.Daubert Challenges to Forensic Evidence: Ballistics Next on the Firing Line – The Champion, September/October 2002, 20-23 58-62.Firearms and Tool Mark Identification Responding to Recent Criticisms - Ronald Nichols, ATF FSL - SF
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